Title: "The Epistemic Parity of Testimony, Memory, and Reasoning"

Received wisdom in epistemology has it that memory, testimony, and reasoning are isomorphic in that they are purely preservative sources of justification and knowledge. I argue that memory and reasoning are epistemically generative sources, for they can produce justified output beliefs on the basis of unjustified input beliefs alone. Testimony too is epistemically generative, although not to the same extent as reasoning and memory.